Colonization And Neo Colonization History Essay

Colonization And Neo Colonization History Essay Colonization is the extension of political and economic control over an area by a state, whose nationals have occupied the area and usually possesses organizational or technological superiority over the native population. MOTIVES OF COLONIZATION: Colonization has occurred through out the history in Europe. Three most influential colonizers work British, Spanish, French. These three countries had three basic motives: Material gain Desire to spread religion. Desire expend territory. Using these motives they created long term effects in the culture religion and economy of areas that they colonize. EARLY COLONIZATION: As early as the 10th cent. B.C., the Phoenicians founded trading posts throughout the Mediterranean area and later exercised political dominion over these commercial colonies. The Greeks, from a desire for wealth or as a result of the expulsion of a political faction or the defeated inhabitants of a city, established colonies in Asia Minor and Italy, spreading Hellenic culture and stimulating trade. BIGGEST COLONIZATION OF HISTORY: Colonization of India Colonization of Africa Colonization of America COLONIZATION IN AFRICA: From the seventh century, Arab trade with sub-Saharan Africa led to a gradual colonization of East Africa, around Zanzibar and other bases. After that Africa remained colonized under French, British Portuguese. French established equality, interracial marriages, rights support. British didnt support equality they considered others lower didnt liked it if they adopted British culture. Portuguese allowed interracial marriages but considered blood related Portuguese as superior Finally struggle was made by Africans to gain independence get rid off colonization. COLONIZATION IN AMERICA During the sixteenth century the work of colonizing America was left almost entirely to the people of Spain. Colonies were established on the coasts of South and Central America. in 1519 Cortez began that memorable expedition which soon subjected the Aztec empire of Mexico to his sway. In a comparatively short time the whole of western South America from the lower boundary of Chili to the Caribbean coast was Spanish territory. COLONIZATION IN INDIA : When the British colonize India they modernized and make conveniences only for themselves. India suffered, destruction of education system, economies ancient monuments and lively hood of people. Living standards, sanitation, water resources and other facilities were barely provided. The East India Company established trading posts on different parts along the India coast. IMPACT OF COLONIZATION SELF IMAGE IDENTITY: New cultures religion was introduced but tradition culture was destroyed. Example : British brought English language but destroyed traditions. DECISION MAKING LEADERSHIP: Colonization weakens decision making leaders. Example: Tribal leadership system in Africa was destroyed. RIGHTS: No equality or rights were given to the natives. Example: Indians were forced to labor on constructions of road buildings but were kept from benefiting from such. WEALTH RESOURCES: Exploitation of resources occurred. Example: Tons of silver gold were transported from America to Spain. Similarly British took valuable jewels from India etc. NEO COLONIZATION: As long as imperialism exists it will, by definition, exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism.   Che Guevara,  Marxist  revolutionary, 1965 Neo Colonization is used for the exploitation rather than for development of less developed parts of world.   Kwame Nkrumah, who in 1957 became leader of newly independent  Ghana, was one of the most notable figures to use the term. HOW NEO-COLONIZATION OCCURS TODAY: The essence of neo-colonialism is that the State which is subject to neo colonization is in theory, independent and has all the outward trappings of international power. In reality its economic system and thus its political policy is directed from outside. METHODS AND FORMS OF NEO COLONIZATION: In an extreme case the troops of the imperial power may occupy the territory of the neo-colonial State and control the government of it. More often, however, neo-colonialist control is exercised through economic or monetary means. Control over government policy in the neo-colonial State may be secured by payments towards the cost of running the State and by monetary control over foreign exchange through the imposition of a banking system controlled by the imperial power. RESULT OF NEO COLONIZATION: The result of neo-colonialism is that foreign capital is used for the exploitation rather than for the development of the less developed parts of the world. Investment under neo-colonialism increases rather than decreases the gap between the rich and the poor countries of the world. STRUGGLES AGAINST NEO COLONIZATION: The struggle against neo-colonialism is not aimed at excluding the resources of the developed world from operating in less developed countries. It is aimed at preventing the financial power of the developed countries being used in such a way as to weaken the less developed. EXAMPLE: Non-alignment, as practiced by Ghana and many other countries, is based on co-operation with all States. Such a policy, therefore, involves foreign investment from capitalist countries, but it must be invested in accordance with a national plan drawn up by the government of the non-aligned State. NEO COLONIZISM A THREAT: The growth of nuclear weapons has made, the old-fashioned balance of power out dated. Historically the mutual mass destruction prevented countries from threatening each other. But now the case is different. Rich and technologically developed countries aim to have better and more dangerous nuclear power, whereas poor countries may be low at these resources and may not be able to compete with the richer developed states. The evil of neo-colonialism is that it prevents the formation of those large units which would make impossible limited war. To give one example: if Africa was united, no major power community would attempt to control it by limited war. Neo-colonialism is also the worst form of imperialism. For those who practice it, it means power without responsibility and for those who suffer from it, it means exploitation without redress. In the days of old-fashioned colonialism, the imperial power had at least to explain and justify at home the actions it was taking abroad. In the colony those who served the ruling imperial power could at least look to its protection against any violent move by their opponents. With neo-colonialism neither is the case. Neo-colonialism is based upon the principle of breaking up former large united states into a number of small non-viable States which are incapable of independent development and must rely upon the former imperial power for defense and even internal security. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OLD IMPERIALISM [COLONIZATION] AND THE NEW GLOBALIZATION PROCESS [NEO COLONIZATION]: In old colonialism you at least knew who your enemy was, you felt the knife on the back. You knew what had to be done if you wanted a better life. In globalization you are captive and unaware. When the prisoners are unaware of their chains then its hopeless. The US is freely threatening other countries. After Iraq war, nearly 2.5 million people are out of their country, one million plus have been killed, 75% are without electricity and drinking water. In the U.S. it has touched the lives of African-Americans who have had lives caught in street violence and are fighting for their lives. Suddenly Islam comes to them and they find peace, dignity and a faith they can believe in. The underlying value of globalization is material. In this proliferation of unnecessary necessities, as Mark Twain said, result in the enrichment of the rich and the greater impoverishment of the poor, in every country. Globally, the numbers of the poor are increasing fast, the concentration of wealth is greater. That is an unlivable position. The U.S. governments need for an enemy, its search for new enemies is really a way of uniting the country, covering its real motives and appealing for patriotism that is called the last refuge of the scoundrel. Patriotism is not the real motive. The real motive is domination and exploitation, and to get away with it you have to have a rallying ground, an enemy. That is where the military comes in. The U.S. spends more on arms than all other countries combined.

Free Handmaids Tale Essays: Life and Times of Margaret Atwood :: Handmaids Tale Essays

The Life and Times of Margaret Atwood Three Sources Cited Atwood was born in Ottawa, Ontario, on November 18, 1939. She lived in a cabin in the Canadian wilderness for most of her childhood (her father was a forest entomologist), and that is where she gained her love for books and reading - probably from boredom. She also took up writing during this time, at the age of six (Margaret Atwood). Sshe came to want ot be a writer her senior year in high school when she says, "all of a sudden a big thumb came out of the sky and touched my head and a poem was formed." Who would have thought that the young girl who lived in the woods would grow to become a prominent female writer and poet? Atwood went on to attend Victoria College at the University of Toronto. She received a bachelor's degree there in 1961 and went on to receive her Master's from Radcliffe College in Cambridge, Mass. In addition, she attended Harvard University in 1962 - 63 and 1965 - 67 (Information Page). When she made the decision to be a writer she said s he wanted to "lead a double life. (Margaret Atwood). This double life would include going "places I haven't been; to examine life on earth; to come to know people in ways, and at depths, that are otherwise impossible; to be surprised...to give back something of what [I have] received," said Atwood (Margaret Atwood). She certainly achieved this goal of a double life. Atwood managed to live many places around the world in order to "examine life on earth." Here is a time line of the places she lived during certain years of her life. 1939 - 1945: Ottawa 1945: Sault Ste. Marie 1946 - 1961: Toronto 1961 - 1963: Boston 1963 - 1964: Toronto 1964 - 1965: Vancouver 1965 - 1967: Boston 1967 - 1968: Montreal 1968 - 1970: Edmonton 1970 - 1971: England (London), France, Italy 1971 - 1972: Toronto 1973 - 1980: Alliston, Ontario 1980 - 1983: Toronto 1983 - 1984: England, Germany 1985: Alabama 1986 - 1991: Toronto 1992: France 1992 - Present: Toronto As is evident, she liked to move around a lot and to see different people and different things (Information Page). Although Atwood would have preferred to stay home and write all day she did have a number of jobs over the years.

Marketing Objectives Essay

1. Explain why it is important for a business to have clear marketing objectives? It is important that a business has clear marketing objectives because it gives them a target to work towards. In 2010 Asda set its objective to overtake Tesco as Britain’s largest retailer of non-food items. It is important that its clear because objectives should be made using the acronym SMART goals, the objective set by Asda fits in with this really well apart from it does not state a time period. 2. What do businesses mean by the term ‘ vision’? A vision is a company’s projection of what they want to achieve in the future. It should be ambitious, relevant , easy to communicate and capable of motivating staff or maybe even inspire them. 3. Why is it Important that marketing objectives should be rooted in through market research? 4. state the four main types of marketing objectives? * Increasing product differentiation * Growth * Continuity * Innovation b. decide which one is most likely to be important for * Coca-Cola – continuity * Yorkie bar – growth/ continuity * Dyson appliances- innovation 5. why might a firm seek to increase the product differentiation of one of its brands? A firm may want to increase its product differentiation because when your make your product different from the competitors it allows you to increase your profit margins per sale because. This is because customers see your product in a different light due to the usp you have marketing strategies. 6. What problems might a firm face if it focuses solely upon short term objectives? 7. Is it essential that marketing objectives should be written down in detail? It is not completely essential to write down your marketing objectives however writing them down allows you to work with people from outside the business. These are people like potential investors , by writing down your objectives they can see how successful you currently are and If your meeting the objective they can also make their own opinions on weather or not they think you will be successful in the future there for deciding weather or not they will invest in your business. 8. What is meant by internal constraints ? Internal constraints are factors that may occur that restrict the chances of the objectives seceding, internal constraints are theses that happen within a firm. These are things such as finance, personnel constraints and market standings. 9. outline two external constraints that might affect car sales over the coming months? The economy because we currently are sitting in a recession therefore people are not as willing to spend money on luxury products such as a new car. One other point is competition, the car market it a extremely competitive Market with some very well established brands, such as Honda , Landover and Nissan the list is endless.A Car business sales may be effected because their sales that they may have had has gone to the other car sales company’s in the market. 10. Identify and explain two problems a firm might face face if it makes marketing decisions without using a decision framework such as the marketing model?

The War On Drugs Has Been A Well Intentioned Failure Essay

The war on drugs has been a well-intentioned failure. The world’s desire was to keep people away from dangerous substances and to eliminate the violent practices of the drug producers and distributors. Instead of the war on drugs achieving its objectives of eliminating violent crime and reducing a number of people were taking drugs, the war has mainly just resulted in a dramatic increase prison population with little effect on the supply side of this illegal industry. Statistics collected by the justice department suggest that the US government is not focusing on its main goal of eliminating the production of illegal drugs. According to Table 346 of the Statistical Abstract of the United States, in 2009 the US government had a total arrest rate of 416.0 people per 100,000 in the general population for drug abuse violations. The arrest rate for possessing illegal drugs was 339.1, yet the arrest rate for selling and manufacturing drugs was only 76.9. In data collected for 1990, 2000, and 2005 the same type of situation happened where the amount of people arrested for possessing drugs were significantly higher than the amount of people arrested for selling and manufacturing drugs. Governments around the world have lost billions of the taxes payer’s dollars on yearly fighting a war that has dragged on for almost five decades with no end in sight. The best alternative to finally bring an end to this war in the Americas would be to legalize drugs across the American continent.Show MoreRelated War on Drugs is a Dismal Failure Essay2868 Words   |  12 Pagesthe House recently approved a bill that included $1.7 billion to combat the drug cartels of Columbia with additional military aid.   In doing so, they perpetuated what could be one of the United States most misguided policies of recent history. 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